Rocky reefs. Areas with currents and adequate dissolved oxygen for egg deposition and development.
Limiting factors
Habitat for egg deposition and development. Juvenile survival.
Data gaps
Shoreline and estuary harvest levels. Factors affecting recruitment. Alternative methods to trawls for fishery-independent population monitoring. Potential biases in aging.
Conservation actions
Protect critical habitat. Gather information to fill data gaps. Manage for sustainable harvest.